1. Besedovsky HO, del Rey AE, Sorkin E. 1983. What do the immune system and the brain know about each other? Immunol. Today 4:342-6

2. Chrousos GP. 1995. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med 332:1351-62

3. Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES. 2000. The sympathetic nerve--an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacol. Rev. 52:595-638

4. Mosmann TR, Sad S. 1996. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol. Today 17:138-46

5. Fearon DT, Locksley RM. 1996. The instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response. Science 272:50-3

6. Trinchieri G. 1995. Interleukin-12: a proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13:251-76

7. Beutler B, Krochin N, Milsark IW, Luedke C, Cerami A. 1986. Control of cachectin (tumor necrosis factor) synthesis: mechanisms of endotoxin resistance. Science 232:977-80

8. Boumpas DT, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL, Cupps TR, Balow JE. 1993. Glucocorticoid therapy for immune-mediated diseases: basic and clinical correlates. Ann. Intern. Med 119:1198-208

9. Elenkov IJ, Papanicolaou DA, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP. 1996. Modulatory effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines on human interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 production: clinical implications. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 108:374-81

10. Blotta MH, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT. 1997. Corticosteroids inhibit IL-12 production in human monocytes and enhance their capacity to induce IL-4 synthesis in CD4+ lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 158:5589-95

11. DeKruyff RH, Fang Y, Umetsu DT. 1998. Corticosteroids enhance the capacity of macrophages to induce Th2 cytokine synthesis in CD4+ lymphocytes by inhibiting IL-12 production. J. Immunol. 160:2231-7

12. Wu CY, Wang K, McDyer JF, Seder RA. 1998. Prostaglandin E2 and dexamethasone inhibit IL-12 receptor expression and IL-12 responsiveness. J. Immunol. 161:2723-30

13. Ramierz F, Fowell DJ, Puklavec M, Simmonds S, Mason D. 1996. Glucocorticoids promote a TH2 cytokine response by CD4+ T cells in vitro. J. Immunol. 156:2406-12

14. van der Poll T, Barber AE, Coyle SM, Lowry SF. 1996. Hypercortisolemia increases plasma interleukin-10 concentrations during human endotoxemia--a clinical research center study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81:3604-6

15. Panina-Bordignon P, Mazzeo D, Lucia PD, D'Ambrosio D, Lang R, Fabbri L, Self C, Sinigaglia F. 1997. Beta2-agonists prevent Th1 development by selective inhibition of interleukin 12. J. Clin. Invest. 100:1513-9

16. Hasko G, Szabo C, Nemeth ZH, Salzman AL, Vizi ES. 1998. Stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors inhibits endotoxin-induced IL-12 production in normal and IL-10 deficient mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 88:57-61

17. Hetier E, Ayala J, Bousseau A, Prochiantz A. 1991. Modulation of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor expression by beta-adrenergic agonists in mouse ameboid microglial cells. Exp. Brain Res. 86:407-13

18. Severn A, Rapson NT, Hunter CA, Liew FY. 1992. Regulation of tumor necrosis factor production by adrenaline and b-adrenergic agonists. J. Immunol. 148:3441-5

19. Nakamura A, Johns EJ, Imaizumi A, Abe T, Kohsaka T. 1998. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-6 gene transcription by beta2-adrenoceptor in the rat astrocytes. J. Neuroimmunol. 88:144-53

20. Koff WC, Fann AV, Dunegan MA, Lachman LB. 1986. Catecholamine-induced suppression of interleukin-1 production. Lymphokine Res 5:239-47

21. van der Poll T, Lowry SF. 1997. Epinephrine inhibits endotoxin-induced IL-1 beta production: roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10. Am. J. Physiol. 273:R1885-R1890

22. van der Poll T, Coyle SM, Barbosa K, Braxton CC, Lowry SF. 1996. Epinephrine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha and potentiates interleukin 10 production during human endotoxemia. J. Clin. Invest. 97:713-9

23. Norris JG, Benveniste EN. 1993. Interleukin-6 production by astrocytes: induction by the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. J. Neuroimmunol. 45:137-45

24. Maimone D, Cioni C, Rosa S, Macchia G, Aloisi F, Annunziata P. 1993. Norepinephrine and vasoactive intestinal peptide induce IL-6 secretion by astrocytes: synergism with IL-1 beta and TNF alpha. J. Neuroimmunol. 47:73-81

25. Sanders VM, Baker RA, Ramer-Quinn DS, Kasprowicz DJ, Fuchs BA, Street NE. 1997. Differential expression of the beta2-adrenergic receptor by Th1 and Th2 clones: implications for cytokine production and B cell help. J. Immunol. 158:4200-10

26. Borger P, Hoekstra Y, Esselink MT, Postma DS, Zaagsma J, Vellenga E, Kauffman HF. 1998. Beta-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of IFN-gamma, IL-3, and GM-CSF mRNA accumulation in activated human T lymphocytes is solely mediated by the beta2-adrenoceptor subtype. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 19:400-7

27. Coqueret O, Lagente V, Frere CP, Braquet P, Mencia-Huerta JM. 1994. Regulation of IgE production by beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 725:44-9

28. Deshpande R, Khalili H, Pergolizzi RG, Michael SD, Chang MD. 1997. Estradiol down-regulates LPS-induced cytokine production and NFkB activation in murine macrophages. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 38:46-54

29. Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Bakalov VK, Link AA, Dimitrov MA, Fisher S, Crane M, Kanik KS, Chrousos GP. 2001. IL-12, TNF-alpha, and hormonal changes during late pregnancy and early postpartum: implications for autoimmune disease activity during these times. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 86:4933-8

30. Correale J, Arias M, Gilmore W. 1998. Steroid hormone regulation of cytokine secretion by proteolipid protein-specific CD4+ T cell clones isolated from multiple sclerosis patients and normal control subjects. J. Immunol. 161:3365-74

31. Gilmore W, Weiner LP, Correale J. 1997. Effect of estradiol on cytokine secretion by proteolipid protein-specific T cell clones isolated from multiple sclerosis patients and normal control subjects. J. Immunol. 158:446-51

32. Zang YC, Halder JB, Hong J, Rivera VM, Zhang JZ. Regulatory effects of estriol on T cell migration and cytokine profile: inhibition of transcription factor NF-kappa B. J. Neuroimmunol. 2002. Mar. ;124. (1. -2. ):106. -14. 124:106-14

33. Kanda N, Tsuchida T, Tamaki K. 1999. Estrogen enhancement of anti-double-stranded DNA antibody and immunoglobulin G production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 42:328-37

34. Chao TC, Van Alten PJ, Greager JA, Walter RJ. 1995. Steroid sex hormones regulate the release of tumor necrosis factor by macrophages. Cell Immunol. 160:43-9

35. Miller L, Hunt JS. 1998. Regulation of TNF-alpha production in activated mouse macrophages by progesterone. J. Immunol. 160:5098-104

36. Piccinni MP, Giudizi MG, Biagiotti R, Beloni L, Giannarini L, Sampognaro S, Parronchi P, Manetti R, Annunziato F, Livi C. 1995. Progesterone favors the development of human T helper cells producing Th2-type cytokines and promotes both IL-4 production and membrane CD30 expression in established Th1 cell clones. J. Immunol. 155:128-33

37. Chrousos GP, Torpy DJ, Gold PW. 1998. Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: clinical implications. Ann. Intern. Med. 129:229-40

38. Vamvakopoulos NC, Chrousos GP. 1993. Evidence of direct estrogenic regulation of human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression. Potential implications for the sexual dimophism of the stress response and immune/inflammatory reaction. J. Clin. Invest. 92:1896-902

39. Salt PJ. 1972. Inhibition of noradrenaline uptake 2 in the isolated rat heart by steroids, clonidine and methoxylated phenylethylamines. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 20:329-40

40. Cenci S, Weitzmann MN, Roggia C, Namba N, Novack D, Woodring J, Pacifici R. Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by enhancing T-cell production of TNF-alpha. J. Clin. Invest. 2000. Nov. ;106. (10. ):1229. -37. 106:1229-37

41. Roggia C, Gao Y, Cenci S, Weitzmann MN, Toraldo G, Isaia G, Pacifici R. Up-regulation of TNF-producing T cells in the bone marrow: a key mechanism by which estrogen deficiency induces bone loss in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001. Nov. 20. ;98. (24. ):13960. -5. 98:13960-5

42. Srivastava S, Toraldo G, Weitzmann MN, Cenci S, Ross FP, Pacifici R. Estrogen decreases osteoclast formation by down-regulating receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced JNK activation. J. Biol. Chem. 2001. Mar. 23. ;276. (12. ):8836. -40. 276:8836-40

43. Lemire J. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3--a hormone with immunomodulatory properties. Z. Rheumatol. 2000. ;59. Suppl. 1. :24. -7. 59 Suppl 1:24-7

44. D'Ambrosio D, Cippitelli M, Cocciolo MG, Mazzeo D, Di Lucia P, Lang R, Sinigaglia F, Panina-Bordignon P. 1998. Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Involvement of NF-kappaB downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. J. Clin. Invest. 101:252-62

45. Lemire JM, Archer DC, Beck L, Spiegelberg HL. 1995. Immunosuppressive actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: preferential inhibition of Th1 functions. J. Nutr. 125:1704S-8S

46. Penna G, Adorini L. 1 Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J. Immunol. 2000. Mar. 1. ;164. (5. ):2405. -11. 164:2405-11

47. Rausch-Fan X, Leutmezer F, Willheim M, Spittler A, Bohle B, Ebner C, Jensen-Jarolim E, Boltz-Nitulescu G. Regulation of cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and allergen-specific th cell clones by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2002. May. ;128. (1. ):33. -41. 128:33-41

48. Mattner F, Smiroldo S, Galbiati F, Muller M, Di Lucia P, Poliani PL, Martino G, Panina-Bordignon P, Adorini L. Inhibition of Th1 development and treatment of chronic-relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by a non-hypercalcemic analogue of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Eur. J. Immunol. 2000. Feb. ;30. (2. ):498. -508. 30:498-508

49. Gregori S, Giarratana N, Smiroldo S, Uskokovic M, Adorini L. A 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analog enhances regulatory T-cells and arrests autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 2002. May. ;51. (5. ):1367. -74. 51:1367-74

50. Kang S, Yi S, Griffiths CE, Fancher L, Hamilton TA, Choi JH. 1998. Calcipotriene-induced improvement in psoriasis is associated with reduced interleukin-8 and increased interleukin-10 levels within lesions. Br. J. Dermatol. 138:77-83

51. Falus A, Meretey K. 1992. Histamine: an early messenger in inflammatory and immune reactions. Immunol. Today 13:154-6

52. Vannier E, Miller LC, Dinarello CA. 1991. Histamine suppresses gene expression and synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha via histamine H2 receptors. J. Exp. Med. 174:281-4

53. Vannier E, Dinarello CA. 1994. Histamine enhances interleukin (IL)-1-induced IL-6 gene expression and protein synthesis via H2 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:9952-6

54. Elenkov IJ, Webster E, Papanicolaou DA, Fleisher TA, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL. 1998. Histamine potently suppresses human IL-12 and stimulates IL-10 production via H2 receptors. J. Immunol. 161:2586-93

55. Idzko M, la Sala A, Ferrari D, Panther E, Herouy Y, Dichmann S, Mockenhaupt M, Di Virgilio F, Girolomoni G, Norgauer J. Expression and function of histamine receptors in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002. May. ;109. (5. ):839. -46. 109:839-46

56. Lagier B, Lebel B, Bousquet J, Pene J. 1997. Different modulation by histamine of IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN- gamma) release according to the phenotype of human Th0, Th1 and Th2 clones. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 108:545-51

57. Cronstein BN, Naime D, Ostad E. 1993. The antiinflammatory mechanism of methotrexate. Increased adenosine release at inflamed sites diminishes leukocyte accumulation in an in vivo model of inflammation. J. Clin. Invest 92:2675-82

58. Cronstein BN, Rosenstein ED, Kramer SB, Weissmann G, Hirschhorn R. 1985. Adenosine; a physiologic modulator of superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils. Adenosine acts via an A2 receptor on human neutrophils. J. Immunol. 135:1366-71

59. Lappin D, Riches DW, Damerau B, Whaley K. 1984. Cyclic nucleotides and their relationship to complement-component-C2 synthesis by human monocytes. Biochem. J. 222:477-86

60. Link AA, Kino T, Worth JA, McGuire JL, Crane ML, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL, Elenkov IJ. 2000. Ligand-activation of the adenosine A2a receptors inhibits IL-12 production by human monocytes. J. Immunol. 164:436-42

61. Prabhakar U, Brooks DP, Lipshlitz D, Esser KM. 1995. Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF alpha production in human monocytes by adenosine (A2) receptor selective agonists. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 17:221-4

62. Le Moine O, Stordeur P, Schandene L, Marchant A, de Groote D, Goldman M, Deviere J. 1996. Adenosine enhances IL-10 secretion by human monocytes. J. Immunol. 156:4408-14

63. Hasko G, Szabo C, Nemeth ZH, Kvetan V, Pastores SM, Vizi ES. 1996. Adenosine receptor agonists differentially regulate IL-10, TNF-alpha, and nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages and in endotoxemic mice. J. Immunol. 157:4634-40

64. Lotz M, Vaughan JH, Carson DA. 1988. Effect of neuropeptides on production of inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. Science 241:1218-21

65. Kincy-Cain T, Bost KL. 1997. Substance P-induced IL-12 production by murine macrophages. J. Immunol. 158:2334-9

66. Ho WZ, Stavropoulos G, Lai JP, Hu BF, Magafa V, Anagnostides S, Douglas SD. 1998. Substance P C-terminal octapeptide analogues augment tumor necrosis factor-alpha release by human blood monocytes and macrophages. J. Neuroimmunol. 82:126-32

67. Fox FE, Kubin M, Cassin M, Niu Z, Hosoi J, Torii H, Granstein RD, Trinchieri G, Rook AH. 1997. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits proliferation and antigen presentation by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: effects on B7, interleukin 10, and interleukin 12. J. Invest Dermatol. 108:43-8

68. Liu J, Chen M, Wang X. 2000. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-12 release from mouse peritoneal macrophages, mediated by the cAMP pathway. Immunology 101:61-7

69. Ganea D, Delgado M. 2001. Inhibitory neuropeptide receptors on macrophages. Microbes. Infect. 3:141-7

70. Maier SF, Goehler LE, Fleshner M, Watkins LR. 1998. The role of the vagus nerve in cytokine-to-brain communication. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 840:289-300

71. Fleshner M, Silbert L, Deak T, Goehler LE, Martin D, Watkins LR, Maier SF. 1997. TNF-alpha-induced corticosterone elevation but not serum protein or corticosteroid binding globulin reduction is vagally mediated. Brain Res. Bull. 44:701-6

72. Watkins LR, Goehler LE, Relton JK, Tartaglia N, Silbert L, Martin D, Maier SF. 1995. Blockade of interleukin-1 induced hyperthermia by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy: evidence for vagal mediation of immune-brain communication. Neurosci. Lett. 183:27-31

73. Borovikova LV, Ivanova S, Zhang M, Yang H, Botchkina GI, Watkins LR, Wang H, Abumrad N, Eaton JW, Tracey KJ. 2000. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nature 405:458-62

74. Tracey KJ. 2002. The inflammatory reflex. Nature 420:853-9

75. Bentley AM, Hamid Q, Robinson DS, Schotman E, Meng Q, Assoufi B, Kay AB, Durham SR. 1996. Prednisolone treatment in asthma. Reduction in the numbers of eosinophils, T cells, tryptase-only positive mast cells, and modulation of IL-4, IL-5, and interferon-gamma cytokine gene expression within the bronchial mucosa. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 153:551-6

76. Bradding P, Feather IH, Wilson S, Holgate ST, Howarth PH. 1995. Cytokine immunoreactivity in seasonal rhinitis: regulation by a topical corticosteroid. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 151:1900-6

77. Batuman OA, Ferrero A, Cupp C, Jimenez SA, Khalili K. 1995. Differential regulation of transforming growth factor beta-1 gene expression by glucocorticoids in human T and glial cells. J. Immunol. 155:4397-405

78. Broug-Holub E, Kraal G. 1996. Dose- and time-dependent activation of rat alveolar macrophages by glucocorticoids. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 104:332-6

79. Spengler RN, Allen RM, Remick DG, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL. 1990. Stimulation of a -adrenergic receptor augments the production of macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol. 145:1430-4

80. Le Tulzo Y, Shenkar R, Kaneko D, Moine P, Fantuzzi G, Dinarello CA, Abraham E. 1997. Hemorrhage increases cytokine expression in lung mononuclear cells in mice: involvement of catecholamines in nuclear factor-kappaB regulation and cytokine expression. J. Clin. Invest. 99:1516-24

81. Broug-Holub E, Persoons JH, Schornagel K, Mastbergen SC, Kraal G. 1998. Effects of stress on alveolar macrophages: a role for the sympathetic nervous system. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 19:842-8

82. Kavelaars A, van dP, Zijlstra J, Heijnen CJ. 1997. Beta 2-adrenergic activation enhances interleukin-8 production by human monocytes. J. Neuroimmunol. 77:211-6

83. Linden A. 1996. Increased interleukin-8 release by beta-adrenoceptor activation in human transformed bronchial epithelial cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 119:402-6

84. Engstad CS, Lund T, Osterud B. 1999. Epinephrine promotes IL-8 production in human leukocytes via an effect on platelets. Thromb. Haemost. 81:139-45

85. Kaplanski G, Porat R, Aiura K, Erban JK, Gelfand JA, Dinarello CA. 1993. Activated platelets induce endothelial secretion of interleukin-8 in vitro via an interleukin-1-mediated event. Blood 81:2492-5

86. Mohamed-Ali V, Flower L, Sethi J, Hotamisligil G, Gray R, Humphries SE, York DA, Pinkney J. 2001. beta-Adrenergic regulation of IL-6 release from adipose tissue: in vivo and in vitro studies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 86:5864-9

87. Vicennati V, Vottero A, Friedman C, Papanicolaou DA. 2002. Hormonal regulation of interleukin-6 production in human adipocytes. Int. J. Obes. Relat Metab Disord. 26:905-11

88. Baumann H, Gauldie J. 1994. The acute phase response. Immunol. Today 15:74-80

89. Li Y, Chi L, Stechschulte DJ, Dileepan KN. 2001. Histamine-induced production of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 by human coronary artery endothelial cells is enhanced by endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Microvasc. Res. 61:253-62

90. Murray DR, Prabhu SD, Chandrasekar B. 2000. Chronic beta-adrenergic stimulation induces myocardial proinflammatory cytokine expression. Circulation 101:2338-41

91. Karalis K, Sano H, Redwine J, Listwak S, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP. 1991. Autocrine or paracrine inflammatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone in vivo. Science 254:421-3

92. Elenkov IJ, Webster EL, Torpy DJ, Chrousos GP. 1999. Stress, corticotropin-releasing hormone, glucocorticoids, and the immune/inflammatory response: acute and chronic effects. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 876:1-11

93. Udelsman R, Gallucci WT, Bacher J, Loriaux DL, Chrousos GP. 1986. Hemodynamic effects of corticotropin releasing hormone in the anesthetized cynomolgus monkey. Peptides 7:465-71

94. Theoharides TC, Singh LK, Boucher W, Pang X, Letourneau R, Webster E, Chrousos G. 1998. Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability, a possible explanation for its proinflammatory effects. Endocrinology 139:403-13

95. Foreman JC. 1987. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide: effects on mast cells and in human skin. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 82:366-71

96. Church MK, Lowman MA, Robinson C, Holgate ST, Benyon RC. 1989. Interaction of neuropeptides with human mast cells. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 88:70-8

97. Theoharides TC, Spanos C, Pang X, Alferes L, Ligris K, Letourneau R, Rozniecki JJ, Webster E, Chrousos GP. 1995. Stress-induced intracranial mast cell degranulation: a corticotropin- releasing hormone-mediated effect. Endocrinology 136:5745-50

98. Girndt M, Sester U, Kaul H, Hunger F, Kohler H. 1998. Glucocorticoids inhibit activation-dependent expression of costimulatory molecule B7-1 in human monocytes. Transplantation 66:370-5

99. Pan J, Ju D, Wang Q, Zhang M, Xia D, Zhang L, Yu H, Cao X. 2001. Dexamethasone inhibits the antigen presentation of dendritic cells in MHC class II pathway. Immunol. Lett. 76:153-61

100. Clavreul A, D'hellencourt CL, Montero-Menei C, Potron G, Couez D. 1998. Vitamin D differentially regulates B7.1 and B7.2 expression on human peripheral blood monocytes. Immunology 95:272-7

101. Galon J, Franchimont D, Hiroi N, Frey G, Boettner A, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, O'Shea JJ, Chrousos GP, Bornstein SR. 2002. Gene profiling reveals unknown enhancing and suppressive actions of glucocorticoids on immune cells. FASEB J. 16:61-71

102. Benschop RJ, Rodriguez-Feuerhahn M, Schedlowski M. 1996. Catecholamine-induced leukocytosis: early observations, current research, and future directions. Brain Behav. Immun. 10:77-91

103. Maisel AS, Michel MC. 1990. Beta-adrenoceptor control of immune function in congestive heart failure. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 30 Suppl 1:49S-53S

104. Hadden JW, Hadden EM, Middleton EJr. 1970. Lymphocyte blast transformation I. Demonstration of adrenergic receptors in human peripheral lymphocytes. Cell. Immunol. 1:583-95

105. Chambers DA, Cohen RL, Perlman RL. 1993. Neuroimmune modulation: signal transduction and catecholamines. Neurochem. Int. 22:95-110

106. Elliott L, Brooks W, Roszman T. 1992. Inhibition of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced T-cell proliferation by dexamethasone, isoproterenol, or prostaglandin E2 either alone or in combination. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 12:411-27

107. Carlson SL, Brooks WH, Roszman TL. 1989. Neurotransmitter-lymphocyte interactions: dual receptor modulation of lymphocyte proliferation and cAMP production. J. Neuroimmunol. 24:155-62

108. Bartik MM, Bauman GP, Brooks WH, Roszman TL. 1994. Costimulatory signals modulate the antiproliferative effects of agents that elevate cAMP in T cells. Cell Immunol. 158:116-30

109. Sanders VM, Munson AE. 1985. Norepinephrine and the antibody response. Pharmacol. Rev. 37:229-48

110. Coqueret O, Dugas B, Mencia-Huerta JM, Braquet P. 1995. Regulation of IgE production from human mononuclear cells by beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists [see comments]. Clin. Exp. Allergy 25:304-11

111. Coqueret O, Lagente V, Frere CP, Braquet P, Mencia-Huerta JM. 1994. Regulation of IgE production by beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 725:44-9

112. Wu CY, Sarfati M, Heusser C, Fournier S, Rubio-Trujillo M, Peleman R, Delespesse G. 1991. Glucocorticoids increase the synthesis of immunoglobulin E by interleukin 4-stimulated human lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest 87:870-7

113. Zieg G, Lack G, Harbeck RJ, Gelfand EW, Leung DY. 1994. In vivo effects of glucocorticoids on IgE production [see comments]. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 94:222-30

114. Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP. 1999. Stress Hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, Pro/Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Susceptibility to Disease. Trends Endocrinol. Metab 10:359-68

115. Wilder RL. 1995. Neuroendocrine-immune system interactions and autoimmunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13:307-38

116. Altare F, Durandy A, Lammas D, Emile JF, Lamhamedi S, Le Deist F, Drysdale P, Jouanguy E, Doffinger R, Bernaudin F, Jeppsson O, Gollob JA, Meinl E, Segal AW, Fischer A, Kumararatne D, Casanova JL. 1998. Impairment of mycobacterial immunity in human interleukin-12 receptor deficiency. Science 280:1432-5

117. Lerner BH. 1996. Can stress cause disease? Revisiting the tuberculosis research of Thomas Holmes, 1949-1961. Ann. Intern. Med. 124:673-80

118. Levenstein S, Ackerman S, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Dubois A. 1999. Stress and peptic ulcer disease. JAMA 281:10-1

119. Cohen S, Tyrrell DA, Smith AP. 1991. Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold [see comments]. N. Engl. J. Med. 325:606-12

120. Cole SW, Korin YD, Fahey JL, Zack JA. 1998. Norepinephrine accelerates HIV replication via protein kinase A- dependent effects on cytokine production. J. Immunol. 161:610-6

121. Cole SW, Naliboff BD, Kemeny ME, Griswold MP, Fahey JL, Zack JA. 2001. Impaired response to HAART in HIV-infected individuals with high autonomic nervous system activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 98:12695-700

122. Kino T, Gragerov A, Kopp JB, Stauber RH, Pavlakis GN, Chrousos GP. 1999. The HIV-1 virion-associated protein vpr is a coactivator of the human glucocorticoid receptor [In Process Citation]. J. Exp. Med. 189:51-62

123. Mirani M, Elenkov I, Volpi S, Hiroi N, Chrousos GP, Kino T. 2002. HIV-1 protein Vpr suppresses IL-12 production from human monocytes by enhancing glucocorticoid action: potential implications of Vpr coactivator activity for the innate and cellular immunity deficits observed in HIV-1 infection. J. Immunol. 169:6361-8

124. Rook GA, Lightman SL, Heijnen CJ. 2002. Can nerve damage disrupt neuroendocrine immune homeostasis? Leprosy as a case in point. Trends Immunol. 23:18-22

125. O'Sullivan ST, Lederer JA, Horgan AF, Chin DH, Mannick JA, Rodrick ML. 1995. Major injury leads to predominance of the T helper-2 lymphocyte phenotype and diminished interleukin-12 production associated with decreased resistance to infection [see comments]. Ann. Surg. 222:482-90

126. Woiciechowsky C, Asadullah K, Nestler D, Eberhardt B, Platzer C, Schoning B, Glockner F, Lanksch WR, Volk HD, Docke WD. 1998. Sympathetic activation triggers systemic interleukin-10 release in immunodepression induced by brain injury [In Process Citation]. Nat. Med. 4:808-13

127. Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL. 2000. Neuroendocrine regulation of IL-12 and TNF-alpha/IL-10 balance. Clinical implications. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 917:94-105

128. Meduri GU. 1999. New rationale for glucocorticoid treatment in septic shock. J. Chemother. 11:541-50

129. Meduri GU, Tolley EA, Chrousos GP, Stentz F. 2002. Prolonged methylprednisolone treatment suppresses systemic inflammation in patients with unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: evidence for inadequate endogenous glucocorticoid secretion and inflammation-induced immune cell resistance to glucocorticoids. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 165:983-91

130. Munford RS, Tracey KJ. 2002. Is severe sepsis a neuroendocrine disease? Mol. Med. 8:437-42

131. Miller LE, Justen HP, Scholmerich J, Straub RH. 2000. The loss of sympathetic nerve fibers in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is accompanied by increased norepinephrine release from synovial macrophages. FASEB J. 14:2097-107

132. Wilder RL. 1995. Neuroendocrine-immune system interactions and autoimmunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13:307-38

133. Straub RH, Cutolo M. 2001. Involvement of the hypothalamic--pituitary--adrenal/gonadal axis and the peripheral nervous system in rheumatoid arthritis: viewpoint based on a systemic pathogenetic role. Arthritis Rheum. 44:493-507

134. Elenkov IJ, Hoffman J, Wilder RL. 1997. Does differential neuroendocrine control of cytokine production govern the expression of autoimmune diseases in pregnancy and the postpartum period? Mol. Med. Today 3:379-83

135. Barnes P, FitzGerald G, Brown M, Dollery C. 1980. Nocturnal asthma and changes in circulating epinephrine, histamine, and cortisol. N. Engl. J. Med. 303:263-7

136. Marshall GD, Jr., Agarwal SK. 2000. Stress, immune regulation, and immunity: applications for asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 21:241-6

137. Colombo MP, Vagliani M, Spreafico F, Parenza M, Chiodoni C, Melani C, Stoppacciaro A. 1996. Amount of interleukin 12 available at the tumor site is critical for tumor regression. Cancer Res. 56:2531-4

138. Chouaib S, Asselin-Paturel C, Mami-Chouaib F, Caignard A, Blay JY. 1997. The host-tumor immune conflict: from immunosuppression to resistance and destruction. Immunol. Today 18:493-7

139. Shakhar G, Ben-Eliyahu S. 1998. In vivo beta-adrenergic stimulation suppresses natural killer activity and compromises resistance to tumor metastasis in rats. J. Immunol. 160:3251-8

140. Li T, Harada M, Tamada K, Abe K, Nomoto K. 1997. Repeated restraint stress impairs the antitumor T cell response through its suppressive effect on Th1-type CD4+ T cells. Anticancer Res. 17:4259-68

141. Matsumoto S. 1995. Cimetidine and survival with colorectal cancer [letter; comment]. Lancet 346:115

142. Blay J, White TD, Hoskin DW. 1997. The extracellular fluid of solid carcinomas contains immunosuppressive concentrations of adenosine. Cancer Res. 57:2602-5

143. Hoskin DW, Reynolds T, Blay J. 1994. Adenosine as a possible inhibitor of killer T-cell activation in the microenvironment of solid tumours. Int. J. Cancer 59:854-5